As regards the proof required to establish the existence of a serious and individual threat to a civilian’s life or person, determining authorities should not require applicants to adduce evidence that they are specifically targeted by factors related to their personal circumstances. However, the level of indiscriminate violence required to substantiate the application is lower where applicants are able to show that they are specifically affected due to factors related to their personal circumstances. Moreover, the existence of a serious and individual threat should exceptionally be considered by the determining authority to be established where the degree of indiscriminate violence characterising the armed conflict rises to such a high level that there are substantial grounds for believing that civilians, returned to the country of origin or to the relevant part of country of origin, would, solely on account of their presence there, face a real risk of being subjected to serious harm.